Modern architecture, also known as modernist architecture or the International Style, is a design approach that emphasizes functionality and simple forms over decorative elements. This style emerged in the 1930s as a reaction to the highly detailed and ornamental designs of styles such as Queen Anne, Victorian, and Gothic Revival.

Predominantly seen through the 1970s, modern architecture is recognized for its clean, sharp lines and organized visual structure.

Characteristics of Modern Architecture

While modern architecture includes many variations, several defining features are commonly shared across its different styles:

• Clean, minimalist lines: Smooth textures and uniform surfaces without unnecessary ornamentation.

• Wide, overhanging roofs: Many modern homes feature low, horizontal structures with pronounced roof overhangs.

• Extensive use of glass and large windows: Walls of glass allow natural light to flood interior spaces.

• Open and functional floor plans: Rooms such as living and dining areas flow seamlessly into each other, emphasizing spaciousness and flexibility.

• Combination of modern and traditional materials: Materials like steel, concrete blocks, iron, and glass are used alongside wood, brick, and stone, which are incorporated to showcase their natural beauty.

• Integration with the environment: Designs consider how a building relates to the surrounding landscape and natural setting.

• Asymmetrical layouts: Architects experimented with smooth shapes and well-planned, asymmetrical compositions without decorative clutter.

Types of Modern Architecture

Between 1930 and 1970, several branches of modern architecture emerged in the U.S., such as Expressionist, Constructivist, and Midcentury Modern. Below are some of the most influential:

Early Modern Architecture

In its early stages, modern architecture highlighted structural elements and construction materials, making features like steel, concrete, and metal frameworks part of the design itself.

While ornamentation was still present, it always served a functional purpose. For instance, Frank Lloyd Wright incorporated art glass windows into buildings to provide aesthetic appeal without additional decoration.

Midcentury Modern

By the mid-to-late 1940s, modern architecture evolved to feel warmer and more human-centered. This style maintained its minimalist and functional essence but introduced natural, organic materials like wood, larger windows to maximize natural light, and open floor plans that enhanced the flow between living spaces.

Postmodern

In the 1970s, postmodern architecture emerged as a reaction against the strict minimalism of modernism. It brought back ornamentation, drawing inspiration from pre-modern architectural traditions. The result was an eclectic style featuring colorful, decorative, and bold elements, a trend that continues to influence contemporary architecture today.